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- Growth of NYS Business
- April 17, 1996
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- For a number of reasons, business enterprise in New
- York grew by leaps and bounds between 1825 and 1860.
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- New York's growth between the years 1825 and 1860 can be attributed to a
- number of factors. These include but cannot be limited to the
- construction of the Erie Canal, the invention of the telegraph, the
- developed of the railroads, the establishment of Wall Street and
- banking, the textile, shipping, agriculture and newpaper industries, the
- development of steam power and the use of iron products.
- On October 26, 1825 the Erie Canal was opened. The canal immediately
- became an important commercial route connecting the East with the Ohio
- and Mississippi Valleys. With tht time of travel cut to one-third and
- the cost of shipping freight cut to one-tenthof the previous figures,
- commerce via the canal soon made New York City the chief port of the
- Atlantic. The growing urban population and the contruction of canals,
- railroads and factories stimulated the demand for raw materials and food
- stuffs. In 1836 four-fifths of the tonnage over the Erie Canal came
- from western New York (North, 105). Much of this cargo was in the form
- of agriculture goods.
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- The farmer become a shrewed businessaman of sorts as he tended to
- produce whatever products would leave him the greatest profit margin.
- The rise of the dairy industry was by far the most significant
- development in the agricultural history of the state between 1825 and
- 1860. Farmers discovered that cows were their most relliable
- money-makers, since both the domestic and foreign market kept demanding
- more dairy products (Ellis, 273). Price flucuations became increasingly
- important for the farming population between 1825 and 1860. Prices rose
- from the low level of the early 1820's until the middle 1830's and the
- farmer's shared in the general prosperity (271). Although the rapid
- industrialization and urbanization of New York had a great deal to do
- with the success of agricultural markets sporadic demand from aboard as
- a result of the Irish famine, the Crimean War and the repeal of the
- Corn Laws in England also contributed(North, 141). During this period
- Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia, in that order were the
- leading wheat growing states. Between the years 1840 and 1850 New York
- ranked first in the production of beef.
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- The absence of politic party differences on issues related to the the
- growth of democracy existed in regard to the foremost economic
- questions, there was absolutely no partisan division evident in the
- movement to incorporate new financial institutions; rather , the primary
- factors , which the legislators examined, concerned value, feasibility,
- profit and the location within the state. Dozens of turnpike proposals,
- most of which werebacked by the Republicans, passed the legislature; but
- the Federalists cooperated, seeing the chance for profits. Prominent
- Federalists like John Rutherfurd, John Neilson, William Paterson, John
- Bayard, and James Parker invested susstanial sums in the turnpike
- business. There were numerous Republicans who were also vitally
- interested in the turnpike business (Kass, 150). Bipartisan support
- also accompanied plans for the construction of bridges and canals.
- All of the parties contained a large number of adherents from from every
- level of economic well-being in society. This helps to expain the
- absence of any clear-cut party differences on the major economic issues
- of the such as the chartering of banks, the protestive tariff, internal
- improvements, the development of manufacturing, and the promotion of
- superior agricultural techniques. Each politcal faction had segments
- both pro and con on most of these questions, and, inall cases it was
- opprtunism, the desire for profits, which was decisive in determining
- one's political position on these economic issues(175).
- New York's economic growth can also be attributed to the invention of
- the cotton gin. Cotton had become a boom crop in the south, however,
- plantation owners were either too engrossed in the production of their
- crops or too unschooled in business techiniques to handle its
- distribution. Some just did not want to be bothered. This opened thee
- door for agents representing New York shipping firms who were only too
- happy to help them out - for a fee. This scheme not only earned the New
- York merchants a handsome profit but also solved the problem that
- without cotton the ship owner would be hards preesed to find adequate
- cargoes for their return voyages. And so it came about that New York in
- the nineteeth century became the nation's foremost shipper of
- cotton(Allen, 108-109). The cotton shipments entering New York harbor
- were brought to textile mills for processing. A group of New york
- capitalist estashlished the Harmony Cotton Manufacturing Company in
- Cohoes. A heavy investment of capital caused the rapid growth of the
- factory system, which was mass production with integration of processes
- and produced a high quality cotton cloth as well as other
- textiles(Ellis, 266).
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- This set the scene for an industrial society by widening the market,
- manufacturing increased rapidly throughout this period, although
- development varied enormously from industry to industry. Often
- developments were due to improvements in technical processes such as
- the adoption of steam power and the use of anthracite coal instead of
- charcoal by the iron industry. The metallurgical industries emplyed
- thousands for skillful workers who produced a variety of iron and steel
- products, such as farm machinery, pistols, sewing machines, clocks and
- stoves. These products were being produced using standard parts and
- multiple quantities(267). The iron industry made rapid progress as a
- result of this processas well as the expansion of the railroad industry
- which created increased demand for iron products. It can therefore be
- surmized that often growth in a one industry would cause increased
- demand for another industry's product, hence the boom of both
- industries. The growth of manufacturing was the main impetus to
- expansion , the industrial base broadened during this period,
- reflecting the overall improvement in factor endowments for
- manufacturing. Equally important was the cost decline in
- transportation, which opened up new sites for manufacturing development
- and reduced transport costs for existing firms (North, 208).
- Production increases required a retail market. In November of 1858,
- R.H. Macy established a department store in New York City successfully
- implementing a fixed price policy on a large scale developed by small
- New York stores since 1840 establishing a n American retail sales custom
- (Spann, 125).
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- Some additional elements that should mentioned include the founding of
- the New York Tribune by Horace Greely, the development of the telegraph
- by Samuel Morse, the colaboration of six New York newspapers who joined
- to pay telegragh costs of foreign news relayed from Boston, and the
- establishment of a New York clearinghouse to facilitate banking
- operations.
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- Research reveals that the reasons for the success of New York's business
- enterprise between 1825 and 1860 were enumerous with no reason
- weighting more heavily than another with the exception of as Ellis
- states that, "Plank roads, railroads, canals, steamships-all had
- revolutionary effects on the economy of New York. The predominately
- self-sufficent farmer of pioneer days was gradually tramnsformed into a
- specialized commercial farmer sensitive to every shift in the markets.
- The isolation of many rural communities was breaking down as citzensand
- goods flowed freely in and out. Merchants in both the upstae and
- metropolitan region, recognizing the crucial role of canals and
- railroads, looked with satisfaction upon the finest and most actively
- expanding transportation network in the country. New York grew steadily
- in population, wealth, and trade largely to the splendid system of water
- and rail transportation promoted by its citizens in this period.", but
- all entwinding to create a boom of business expansion during this
- period. It appeared as if we were developing not only as a state but as
- a civilized nation whenever this development would be curtailed by the
- onsloat of a civil war.
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- Works Cited
-
- Allen, Oliver E. New York, New York: A History of the World's Most
- Exhilarating and Challenging City. New York: Macmillan, 1990.
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- Ellis, David M., et al. A History of New York State. Ithaca: Cornell
- UP, 1967.
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- Kass, Alvin. Politics in New York State, 1800 -1830. Syracuse:
- Syracuse UP, 1965.
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- North, Douglas C. The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860.
- New York: Norton, 1966.
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- Spann, Edward K. The New Metropolis: New York City, 1840-1857. New
- York: Columbia UP, 1981.